Tax Return Preparer Fraud

Return preparer fraud generally involves the preparation and filing of false income tax returns by preparers who claim inflated personal or business expenses, false deductions, unallowable credits or excessive exemptions on returns prepared for their clients. Preparers may manipulate income figures to fraudulently obtain tax credits, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit.In some situations, the client, or taxpayer, may not have knowledge of the false expenses, deductions, exemptions and/or credits shown on his or her tax return.

However, when the IRS detects the false return, the taxpayer – not the return preparer – must pay the additional taxes and interest and may be subject to penalties.

The IRS Return Preparer Program focuses on enhancing compliance in the return-preparer community by investigating and referring criminal activity by return preparers to the Department of Justice for prosecution and/or asserting appropriate civil penalties against unscrupulous return preparers.

While most preparers provide excellent service to their clients, the IRS urges taxpayers to be very careful when choosing a tax preparer. Taxpayers should be as careful as they would be in choosing a doctor or a lawyer. It is important to know that even if someone else prepares a tax return, it is the taxpayer who is ultimately responsible for all the information on the tax return.

Helpful Hints When Choosing a Return Preparer

Be cautious of tax preparers who claim they can obtain larger refunds than other preparers.
Avoid preparers who base their fee on a percentage of the amount of the refund.

Use a reputable tax professional who signs your tax return and provides you with a copy for your records.
Consider whether the individual or firm will be around to answer questions about the preparation of your tax return months, or even years, after the return has been filed.

Review your return before you sign it and ask questions on entries you don’t understand.
No matter who prepares your tax return, you, the taxpayer, are ultimately responsible for all of the information on your tax return. Therefore, never sign a blank tax form.

Find out the person’s credentials. Only attorneys, certified public accountants (CPAs) and enrolled agents can represent taxpayers before the IRS in all matters including audits, collection and appeals. Other return preparers may only represent taxpayers for audits of returns they actually prepared.

Find out if the preparer is affiliated with a professional organization that provides its members with continuing education and resources and holds them to a code of ethics.
Ask questions. Do you know anyone who has used the tax professional? Were they satisfied with the service they received?

Reputable preparers will ask to see your receipts and will ask you multiple questions to determine your qualifications for expenses, deductions and other items. By doing so, they are trying to help you avoid penalties, interest or additional taxes that could result from an IRS examination.

Further, tax evasion is a risky crime, a felony, punishable by five years imprisonment and a $250,000 fine.

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Special Tax Break on New Car Purchases Available in States With No Sales Tax

The Internal Revenue Service and Treasury Department announced that a tax break for the punew-carrchase of new motor vehicles is available in states that do not have a state sales tax. Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, taxpayers who buy a new motor vehicle this year are entitled to deduct state or local sales or excise taxes paid on the purchase.The IRS and Treasury have determined that purchases made in states without a sales tax – such as Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Montana, New Hampshire and Oregon – can also qualify for the deduction.

The IRS said today that taxpayers who purchase a new motor vehicle in states that do not have state sales taxes are entitled to deduct other fees or taxes imposed by the state or local government. The fees or taxes that qualify must be assessed on the purchase of the vehicle and must be based on the vehicle’s sales price or as a per unit fee. According to the IRS, Congress intended for these fees or taxes to qualify for this special tax deduction.

“This special tax break is available for people purchasing a new car this year, and that can include people in states without a sales tax,” said IRS Commissioner Doug Shulman. “This means that more people can take advantage of this deduction when they file their tax returns next year.”

To qualify for this deduction, the vehicle must be purchased after Feb. 16, 2009, and before Jan. 1, 2010. Taxpayers can claim this special deduction only on their 2009 tax returns to be filed next year.

The deduction is limited to the fees or taxes paid on up to $49,500 of the purchase price of a qualified new car, light truck, motor home or motorcycle.

The amount of the deduction is phased out for taxpayers whose modified adjusted gross income is between $125,000 and $135,000 for individual filers and between $250,000 and $260,000 for joint filers.

The special deduction is available regardless of whether taxpayers itemize deductions on their returns. Taxpayers who do not itemize will add this additional amount to the standard deduction on their 2009 tax return. The IRS reminded taxpayers the deduction may not be taken on 2008 returns.

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IRS Clarifies Requirement for Filing FBAR Form Due This Month

Internal Revenue Service officials announced that they would allow taxpayers to rely on the definition of a United States person as set forth in the prior instructions to the FBAR form when determining their filing requirement.This announcement affects those preparing for the coming June 30, 2009 deadline.

The IRS took this action to reduce burden after concerns and questions were raised regarding the new instructions issued last year on who must file the revised Form TD F 90-22.1 (Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts, or FBAR).

For this year, taxpayers and others can rely on the definition of a United States person included in the prior instruction: “United States Person The term “United States person” means (1) a citizen or resident of the United States, (2) a domestic partnership, (3) a domestic corporation, or (4) a domestic estate or trust.”

All other requirements of the current version of the FBAR form and instructions (revised in October 2008) are still in effect. The current version of the form must be used when filing an FBAR. This substitution affecting who must file the FBAR applies only to FBARs due on June 30, 2009. The IRS will be following up with additional guidance on the requirement to file for future years.

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IRS Launches Tax Return Preparer Review

taxesIRS Commissioner Doug Shulman announced that by the end of 2009, he will propose a comprehensive set of recommendations to help the Internal Revenue Service better leverage the tax return preparer community with the twin goals of increasing taxpayer compliance and ensuring uniform and high ethical standards of conduct for tax preparers.

Some of the potential recommendations could focus on a new model for the regulation of tax return preparers; service and outreach for return preparers; education and training of return preparers; and enforcement related to return preparer misconduct. The Commissioner will submit recommendations to the Treasury Secretary and the President by the end of the year.

“Tax return preparers help Americans with one of their biggest financial transactions each year. We must ensure that all preparers are ethical, provide good service and are qualified,” Shulman said. “At the end the day, tax preparers and the associated industry must be part of our overall game plan to strengthen the integrity of the tax system.”

The first part of this groundbreaking effort will involve fact finding and receiving input from a large and diverse constituent community that includes those that are licensed by state and federal authorities — such as enrolled agents, lawyers and accountants — as well as unlicensed tax preparers and software vendors. The effort will also seek input and dialog with consumer groups and taxpayers.

“We plan to have a transparent and open dialogue about the issues,” Shulman said. “At this early and critical stage of the process, we need to hear from the broadest possible range of stakeholders.”

Later this year, the IRS plans to hold a number of open meetings in Washington and around the country with constituent groups.

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Spring 2009 Statistics of Income Bulletin Now Available

The IRS announced the availability of the spring 2009 issue of the Statistics of Income Bulletin, which features information on high-income individual income tax returns filed for tax year 2006.For tax year 2006, taxpayers filed nearly 4.1 million returns with adjusted gross income of $200,000 or more, up from 3.6 million returns in the prior year. These high-income returns represent almost 3.0 percent of all returns filed for 2006.

The Statistics of Income (SOI) Division produces the SOI Bulletin on a quarterly basis. Articles included in the publication provide the most recent data available from various tax and information returns filed by U.S. taxpayers.

This issue of the SOI Bulletin also includes articles on the following subjects:

Foreign Earned Income Exclusion: In tax year 2006, about 335,000 U.S. taxpayers living abroad reported approximately $36.7 billion in foreign-earned income and claimed nearly $18.4 billion in exclusions from income.

Possessions Tax Credit: For tax year 2005, 102 U.S. corporations claimed the possessions tax credit for income derived from business operations in U.S. possessions. The total credit claimed was just less than $1 billion. Most corporations that claimed a possessions tax credit did so for operations in Puerto Rico, and those corporations claimed more than 98 percent of the total credit amount.

Qualified Zone Academy Credit: Financial institutions claimed total tax credits of $135 million under the Qualified Zone Academy Bond program in tax year 2005, up from $117 million in 2004.
Filings of Individual Income Tax Returns: Taxpayers filed 143.0 million individual income tax returns for tax year 2007, an increase of 3.3 percent from the 138.4 million returns filed for 2006. Adjusted gross income increased 6.9 percent from 2006 to $8.5 trillion for 2007, and taxable income rose 6.8 percent to $5.9 trillion. The alternative minimum tax increased 8.6 percent to $20.9 billion, while total income tax rose 6.5 percent to $1.1 trillion.

The Statistics of Income Bulletin is available at IRS.gov. Copies of the Statistics of Income Bulletin are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. The annual subscription rate is $53 ($74.20 foreign), single issues cost $39 ($48.75 foreign).

For more information about these data, write to the Director, Statistics of Income (SOI) Division, RAS:S, Internal Revenue Service, P.O. Box 2608, Washington, DC 20013-2608.

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IRS Offers Tax Credit Guidance to Businesses Hiring Unemployed Veterans and Certain Youth

Businesses planning to claim the newly-expanded work opportunity tax credit (WOTC) for eligible uneveteranmployed veterans and unskilled younger workers hired during the first part of 2009 have until Aug. 17 to request the certification required for these workers, according to the Internal Revenue Service.Newly-revised Form 8850, now available on IRS.gov, is used by employers to request certification from their state workforce agency. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, enacted in February, added unemployed veterans returning to civilian life and “disconnected youth” to the list of groups covered by the credit. Though eligible unemployed veterans and disconnected youth who begin work anytime during 2009 or 2010 may qualify a business for the credit, certification by the state workforce agency is required.

In general, an unemployed veteran is a person discharged or released from the military during the five years preceding the hiring date who received unemployment benefits for at least four weeks during the one-year period ending on the hiring date. A “disconnected youth” is a person age 16 to 24 on the hiring date who has not been regularly employed or attending school and who meets other requirements.

The WOTC offers tax savings to businesses that hire workers belonging to any of 12 targeted groups, including unemployed veterans and disconnected youth. The other 10 include people ages 18 to 39 living in designated communities in 43 states and the District of Columbia, Hurricane Katrina employees, recipients of various types of public assistance, and certain veterans, summer youth workers and ex-felons. The instructions for Form 8850 detail the requirements for each of these groups.

The certification requirement applies to all groups of workers except employees who were Hurricane Katrina victims. Normally, a business must file Form 8850 with the state workforce agency within 28 days after the eligible worker begins work. But under a special rule, businesses have until Aug. 17, 2009, to file this form for unemployed veterans and disconnected youth who begin work on or after Jan. 1, 2009 and before July 17, 2009. Notice 2009-28 and the instructions for Form 8850 provide details on this special rule.

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IRS Offers Tax Credit Guidance to Businesses Hiring Unemployed Veterans and Certain Youth

Businesses planning to claim the newly-expanded work opportunity tax credit (WOTC) for eligible unemployed veterans and unskilled younger workers hired during the first part of 2009 have until Aug. 17 to request the certification required for these workers, according to the Internal Revenue Service.Newly-revised Form 8850, now available on IRS.gov, is used by employers to request certification from their state workforce agency. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, enacted in February, added unemployed veterans returning to civilian life and “disconnected youth” to the list of groups covered by the credit. Though eligible unemployed veterans and disconnected youth who begin work anytime during 2009 or 2010 may qualify a business for the credit, certification by the state workforce agency is required.

In general, an unemployed veteran is a person discharged or released from the military during the five years preceding the hiring date who received unemployment benefits for at least four weeks during the one-year period ending on the hiring date. A “disconnected youth” is a person age 16 to 24 on the hiring date who has not been regularly employed or attending school and who meets other requirements.

The WOTC offers tax savings to businesses that hire workers belonging to any of 12 targeted groups, including unemployed veterans and disconnected youth. The other 10 include people ages 18 to 39 living in designated communities in 43 states and the District of Columbia, Hurricane Katrina employees, recipients of various types of public assistance, and certain veterans, summer youth workers and ex-felons. The instructions for Form 8850 detail the requirements for each of these groups.

The certification requirement applies to all groups of workers except employees who were Hurricane Katrina victims. Normally, a business must file Form 8850 with the state workforce agency within 28 days after the eligible worker begins work. But under a special rule, businesses have until Aug. 17, 2009, to file this form for unemployed veterans and disconnected youth who begin work on or after Jan. 1, 2009 and before July 17, 2009.

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IRS Posts New Interest Rates

Revenue Ruling 2009-17 provides the rates for interest on tax overpayments and underpayinterest ratesments for the calendar quarter beginning July 1, 2009.The interest rates remain the same at 4 percent for overpayments (3 percent in the case of a corporation), 4 percent for underpayments, 1 and one-half percent for the portion of a corporate overpayment exceeding 10,000, and 6 percent for large corporate underpayments. This quarterly determination is required by section 6621 of the Internal Revenue Code.

Section 6621 of the Internal Revenue Code establishes the rates for interest on tax  and tax underpayments. Under section 6621(a)(1), the overpayment rate is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points (2 percentage points in the case of a corporation), except the rate for the portion of a corporate
overpayment of tax exceeding $10,000 for a taxable period is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus 0.5 of a percentage point.

Under section 6621(a)(2), the underpayment rate is the sum of the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points.
Section 6621(c) provides that for purposes of interest payable under section 6601 on any large corporate underpayment, the underpayment rate under section 6621(a)(2) is determined by substituting “5 percentage points” for “3 percentage points.”

See section 6621(c) and section 301.6621-3 of the Regulations on Procedure and Administration for the definition of a large corporate underpayment and for the rules for determining the applicable date. Section 6621(c) and section 301.6621-3 are generally effective for periods after December 31, 1990.

Section 6621(b)(1) provides that the Secretary will determine the federal short-term rate for the first month in each calendar quarter. Section 6621(b)(2)(A) provides that the federal short-term rate determined under section 6621(b)(1) for any month applies during the first calendar quarter beginning after that month. Section 6621(b)(3) provides that the federal short-term rate for any month is the federal short-term rate determined during that month by the Secretary in accordance with section 1274(d), rounded to the nearest full percent (or, if a multiple of 1/2 of 1 percent, the rate is increased to the next highest full percent).

Revenue Ruling 2009-17 will be in IRB 2009-26, dated June 29, 2009.

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Safe Harbor 401(k) Plan

The IRS, on May 18, 2009, published proposed regulations, Suspension or Reduction of Safe Harbor Nonelective Contributions, that would amend Regulations under Code §§401(k) and 401(m). 

These proposed regulations provide employers incurring a substantial business hardship an alternative to terminating their §401(k) safe harbor plans.  Employers meeting certain requirements can reduce or suspend required safe harbor nonelective contributions without losing their plan’s qualified status.

A plan that that intends to be a §401(k) safe harbor plan must:

  • adopt a safe harbor plan before the beginning of the plan year that specifies whether the employer will make matching or nonelective contributions;
  • maintain the safe harbor plan throughout a full 12-month plan year subject to certain exceptions (explained below);
  • notify each eligible employee within a reasonable period before the beginning of each plan year of his or her rights and obligations under the plan; and
  • make either matching or nonelective contributions at least as great as the rates required by its safe harbor.

There are two exceptions to the general requirement that an employer maintain a §401(k) safe harbor plan throughout a full 12-month plan year.   An employer may:

  • amend a plan to reduce or suspend safe harbor matching contributions on future employee elective contributions for a plan year, or
  • terminate its safe harbor plan during the plan year.

The proposed regulations allow an employer that suffers a substantial business hardship to amend its plan to reduce or suspend the plan’s safe harbor nonelective contributions if all the following requirements are satisfied:

  • the plan is amended prior to the end of the plan year to reduce or suspend the safe harbor nonelective contributions;
  • the plan as amended, provides that the ADP test (and ACP test if applicable to the plan) will be satisfied for the entire plan year in which the safe harbor nonelective contributions are reduced or suspended;
  • all eligible employees must be given a “supplemental notice” that explains the reduction or suspension of future safe harbor nonelective contributions and its consequences, the procedures for changing employee elections and the effective date of the amendment;
  • the reduction or suspension of the safe harbor nonelective contributions can occur no earlier than 30 days after giving eligible employees the supplemental notice and the amendment’s adoption date, if later;
  • all eligible employees must be given a reasonable period of time after they receive the supplemental notice (but prior to the reduction or suspension of the safe harbor nonelective contributions) to change their salary deferral elections; and
  • the §401(a)(17) compensation limits must be prorated.

A plan that amends to reduce or suspend safe harbor nonelective contributions will be subject to the rules for top-heavy plans.  These proposed regulations are effective for amendments adopted after May 18, 2009 but plans may rely on them pending issuance of final regulations. To the extent the final regulations are more restrictive than these proposed regulations, they will not be applied retroactively.

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Special Tax Breaks for Small Business

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), enacted in February, created, extended or Small businessexpanded a variety of business tax deductions and credits. Because some of these changes-the bonus depreciation and increased section 179 deduction, for example-are only available this year, eligible businesses only have a few months to take action and save on their taxes.

Here is a quick rundown of some of the key provisions:

Faster Write-Offs for Certain Capital Expenditures

Many small businesses that invest in new property and equipment will be able to write off most or all of these purchases on their 2009 returns. The new law extends through 2009 the special 50 percent depreciation allowance, also known as bonus depreciation, and increased limits on the section 179 deduction, named for the relevant section of the Internal Revenue Code. Normally, businesses recover these capital investments through annual depreciation deductions spread over several years. Both of these provisions encourage these investments by enabling businesses to write them off more quickly.

The bonus depreciation provision generally enables businesses to deduct half the cost of qualifying property in the year it is placed in service.

The section 179 deduction enables small businesses to deduct up to $250,000 of the cost of machinery, equipment, vehicles, furniture and other qualifying property placed in service during 2009. Without the new law, the limit would have dropped to $133,000. The existing $25,000 limit still applies to sport utility vehicles. A special phase-out provision effectively targets the section 179 deduction to small businesses and generally eliminates it for most larger businesses.

Bonus depreciation and the section 179 deduction are claimed on Form 4562.

Expanded Net Operating Loss Carryback

Many small businesses that had expenses exceeding their incomes for 2008 can choose to carry those losses back for up to five years, instead of the usual two. For small businesses that were profitable in the past but lost money in 2008, this could mean a special tax refund. The option is available for a small business that has no more than an average of $15 million in gross receipts over a three-year period.

This option is still available for most eligible taxpayers, but only for a limited time. A corporation that operates on a calendar-year basis, for example, must file a claim by Sept. 15, 2009. For eligible individuals, the deadline is Oct. 15, 2009.

Eligible individuals should file a claim using Form 1045, and corporations should use Form 1139.

Exclusion of Gain on the Sale of Certain Small Business Stock

The new law provides an extra incentive for individuals who invest in small businesses. Investors in qualified small business stock can exclude 75 percent of the gain upon sale of the stock. This increased exclusion applies only if the qualified small business stock is acquired after Feb. 17, 2009 and before Jan. 1, 2011, and held for more than five years. For previously-acquired stock, the exclusion rate remains at 50 percent in most cases.

Estimated Tax Requirement Modified

Many individual small business taxpayers may be able to defer, until the end of the year, paying a larger part of their 2009 tax obligations. For 2009, eligible individuals can make quarterly estimated tax payments equal to 90 percent of their 2009 tax or 90 percent of their 2008 tax, whichever is less. Individuals qualify if they received more than half of their gross income from their small businesses in 2008 and meet other requirements.

COBRA Credit

Employers that provide the 65 percent COBRA premium subsidy under ARRA to eligible former employees claim credit for this subsidy on their quarterly or annual employment tax returns. To help avoid imposing an unnecessary cash-flow burden, affected employers can reduce their employment tax deposits by the amount of the credit.

Other ARRA business provisions relate to discharges of certain business indebtedness, the holding period for S corporation built-in gains and acceleration of certain business credits for corporations.

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